In 2020, Rebecca Flyckt and colleagues published “First Birth from a Deceased Donor Uterus in the United States: From Severe Graft Rejection to Successful Cesarean Delivery,” hereafter “First Birth from a Deceased Donor,” in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. In the article, Flyckt and colleagues explain that they performed one of the first uterus transplantations with a uterus from a deceased donor in the United States and detail how they did so successfully. All deceased donors in the study were considered brain-dead, not cardiac-dead. Uterus transplantation from a deceased donor is a surgical procedure in which a researcher transplants a healthy uterus from a brain-dead, deceased donor into a recipient with a diseased or absent uterus. Prior to 2020, researchers performed several uterus transplantations with live donors that resulted in live births, but there was only one recorded live birth from a deceased uterus donor. Flyckt and colleagues provide summary data about uterus transplantations from deceased donors and compare the efficacy of transplantations from live donors to those from deceased donors. “First Birth from a Deceased Donor” advances the techniques that can make uterus transplants from deceased donors successful, which allows people with uterine disorders the opportunity to become pregnant and have children.

In April 2017, Alan Flake and colleagues published “An Extra-Uterine System to Physiologically Support the Extreme Premature Lamb,” hereafter “An Extra-Uterine System,” in the journal Nature Communications. “An Extra-Uterine System” reports on the development and testing of an artificial uterus system to keep alive prematurely born animals. Prematurity, or birth prior to thirty-seven weeks of gestational development, is the global leading cause of death in children under the age of five years. The artificial uterus technology, which the authors call the Biobag, is a flexible, sealable container. It’s filled with fluid and nutrients, which replicate the environment of a uterus, the organ where a fetus typically develops. Flake and colleagues showed that their Biobag technology could keep eight premature fetal lambs alive for up to four weeks. “An Extra-Uterine System” provoked discussion among scientists and the public about the possible use of the technology to improve survival rates for premature infants and the ethics of possible future uses of the technology.

James Daniel Hardy was a surgeon and researcher practicing in the United States during the twentieth century who studied organ transplantation, or the transfer of an organ from a donor to another individual. In 1963, he performed one of the first recorded lung transplants from a human lung donor. The transplant was successful for three weeks before the patient died of kidney failure. In 1964, Hardy also performed one of the first human heart transplants with a chimpanzee donor, and the transplanted heart pulsed for ninety minutes in the patient’s chest prior to death. He also collaborated on one of the first successful uterus and ovary transplants in a dog, in 1966. Hardy’s research on organ transplantation helped paved the way for improved forms of the technique, which as of 2025 saves the lives of millions of people every year.